Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soft Drinks Consumed and Sold In Port Harcourt, Nigeria
August 11, 2016
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Some essential (Iron Fe, Zinc Zn, Copper, Cu) and non-essential (Cadmium, Cd, and Nickel, Ni, Lead, Pb) metal concentrations were determined in canned and bottled samples of different soft drinks sold and consumed in Port Harcourt. The aim was to determine the levels of these metals in the common soft drinks generally consumed in Port Harcourt. Analysis was done by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were in the order Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu. The result showed Iron concentration ranged from 0.60 mg/l in LCSD to 3.67 mg/l in MGD, followed by AMD with a value of 3.215 mg/l. Iron mean concentration was 2.20±1.2 mg/l. The highest iron content was in MGD (3.67 mg/l) while the lowest was in LCSD drink (0.60 mg/l). Zinc ranged from 0.10 mg/l in CCD to 0.40 mg/l in MGD. The mean concentration was 0.194±0.12 mg/l. The levels of Copper, Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel found in all of the five (5) soft drink brands were below detectable levels (<0.001mg/l). Iron had the highest concentration of metals followed by Zinc and the two exceeded the WHO limits of 0.3 and 0.2 mg/l limits.
I.U., U., C., O., & A., F. (2016). Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soft Drinks Consumed and Sold In Port Harcourt, Nigeria. RA Journal Of Applied Research, 2(08), 550–557. Retrieved from http://www.rajournals.in/index.php/rajar/article/view/349
1. Adepoju-Bello, A.A., Oguntibeju, O.O., Onuegbu,
M.T., Ayoola, G.A.A. and Coker, H.A.B. (2012).
Analysis of selected metallic impurities in soft
drinks marketed in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal
of Biotechnology Vol. 11(20), pp. 4676-4680,
Available online at
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI:
10.5897/AJB11.3851
2. Al-Mayaly, I. K. A. (2013).Determination of Some
Heavy Metals in Some Artificial Fruit Juices in
Iraqi Local Markets.International Journal of
Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life
Sciences.Available online at http//www.ijrdpl.com.
Vol. 2, No.4, pp 507-510.
3. Ashraf, W., Jaffar, M., Masud, K. (2000).Heavy
trace metal and macronutrient levels in various soft
drinks and juices. Journal of the Chemical Society
of Pakistan, 22: 119–124. 4. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.(1996).
Official Method 984.27. Calcium, copper, ıron,
magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium and zinc in infant formula. Inductively
coupled plasma. Emission Spectroscopic Method,
first action 1984, final action 1986. AOAC
International.
5. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
(2003): Official Method 999.10. Lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper and Iron in foods, atomic absorption
spectrophotometry after microwave digestion, first
action 1999. NMKL-AOAC method.
6. Bakare-Odunola, M.T. (2005). Determination of
some metallic Impurities present in soft drinks
marketed in Nigeria’, Nig J Pharmaceut. Res. 4:
51-54. 7. Barbaste, M., Medına, B. and Perez-Trujıllo, J.P.
(2003).Analysis of Arsenic, lead and Cadmium in
wines from the Canary Islands, Spain, by ICP/MS.
Food Additives and Contaminant, 20: 141–148.
8. Bayhan, A. and Yentur, G.
(1989).Ankara’daicilenceşmevekaynaksularındakur
şunvekadmiyummiktarlarınınsaptanması.Gıda, 14:
175–177. (in Turkish).
9. Bingöl, M., Yentür, G., Buket, E.R., Bayhan, A.
and Oktem, A. B. (2010).Determination of Some
Heavy Metal Levels in Soft Drinks from Turkey
Using ICP-OES Method. Czech J. Food Sci. Vol.
28, No. 3: 213–216.
10. Cabrera, C., Lorenzo, M.L., Lopaz, M.C. (1995).
Lead and Cadmium contamination in dairy product
and its repercussion on total dietary intake.Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1605-1609.
11. Eyong, E.U, Eteng, M.U., Eyong, U.O. (2010).
Comparative chemical analysis of some brand of
soft drinks consumed in Southern Nigeria. Nig. J.
Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25: 36-39. 12. FAO/UN.Requirements of Vitamin A, iron, folate,
and Vatamin B12. (1998). Report of a Joint
WHO/FAO Expert consultation. Rome, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO Food and Nutrition series;23.
13. Grembecka, M., &Szefer, P. (2011). Metals and
metalloids in foods: essentiality, toxicity,
applicability. In: D.A.Medina& A. M. Laine
(Eds.), Food quality: control, analysis and
consumer concerns (pp. 1–60). Hauppauge: Nova
Science Publishers.
14. The Harvard Dialect Survey.Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Linguistics Department.
http://dialect.redlog.net/Retrieved 30-06-16.
‘’Funny Irish Words and Phrases.’’
Grammar.yourdictionary.com 15. Jorhem, L. (1993): Determination of metals in
foodstuffs by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
after dry ashing: NMKL interlaboratory study of
lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and
nickel. Journal of AOAC International, 76: 798–13.
16. Kasprzak, K. S, Sunderman, F. W. Jr, Salnikow, K.
(2003). Nickel carcinogenesis.Mutat. Res. 533: 67-
97.
17. Kirk, R.S. (1991) Pearson’s composition and
analysis of foods, 9th Edition.Longman Singapore.
18. Krejpcıo, Z., Sıonkowskı, S. and Bartela, J. (2005).
Safety of fresh fruits and juices available on the
Polish market as determined by heavy metal residues. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,
14: 877–81.
19. Křižek, M., Senft, M. and Motan, J. (1997).Měď a
lidsketělo.Časopislekařůčeskych, 136: 698–701.
20. Maduabuchı, J.M.U., Nzegwu, C.N. Adıgba, E.O.,
Aloke, R.U., Ezomıke, C.N., Okocha, C.E., Obı, E.
and Orısakwe, O.E. (2006). Lead and Cadmium
exposures from canned and non-canned beverages
in Nigeria: A public health concern. Science of
Total Environment, 366: 621–626.
21. Ma, J.,and Betts, N. M. (2000). Zinc and Copper
intakes and their major food sources for older
adults in the 1994-96 continuing survey of food
intakes by individuals (CSF- II).Journal of
Nutrition. 130:2838-2843.
22. MAFF (1998).Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food.Metals and other elements in
beverages.Food Surveillance Information Sheet.
23. Mandal, B.K. and Suzukı, K.T. (2002). Arsenic
around the world: A review. Talanta, 58: 201–235. 24. Nabrzyski, M. (2007).Functional role of some
minerals in foods.In P. Szefer& J. O. Nriagu (Eds.),
Mineral components in foods (pp. 363–388).
London: CRC Press.
25. Ofori, H., Owusu, M. and andAnyebuno, G.
(2013). Heavy Metal Analysis of Fruit Juice and
Soft Drinks Bought From Retail Market in Accra,
Ghana. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports
2(1): pp 423-428.
26. Öktem, B.A., Koçer, A. and Er, B. (2004).Research
of Heavy Metals in Some Fish Species of the
Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, In:
UlusalVeterinerGıdaHijyeniKongresi, Ankara,
Türkiye. (in Turkish) 59 (3), 217-221.
27. Olivares, M. and Uauy, R. (1996).Limits of
metabolic tolerance to copper and biological basis
for present recommendation and regulation. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 63: 846S.
28. Onıanwa, P.C., Adetola, I.G., Iwegbue, C.M.A.,
Ojo, M.F. and Tella, O.O. (1999). Trace heavy
metals composition of some Nigerian beverages
and food drinks. Food Chemistry, 66: 275–279. 29. Onıonwa, P.C., Adeyemo, A.O., Idowu, O.E. and
Ogabıela, E.E. (2001).Copper and zinc contents of
Nigerian foods and estimates of the adult dietary
intakes. Food Chemistry, 72: 89–95.
30. Rubıo, C., Hardısson, A., Reguera, J.I., Revert, C.,
Lafuente, M.A. and Gonzalez-Iglesıas, T. (2006).
Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands,
Spain. Environmental Research, 100: 123–129. 31. Senesse, P., Meance, S., Cottet, V., Faivre, J.,
Boutron-Ruault, M.C. (2004).High dietary iron and
copper and risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control
study in Burgundy, France. Nutr Cancer.49:66-71.
32. Silvestre, M.D, Lagarda MJ, Farre R, Martineze-
Costa C, Brines J. (2000). Copper, Iron, and Zinc
determination in human milk using FAAS with
microwave digestion.Food Chemistry.68:95-99.
33. Soft Drinks.The Free
Encyclopedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_dri
nk
34. Soft drinks."Funny Irish Words and Phrases".
Grammar.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-06-
16.
35. http://inter.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jht
m
36. http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
mapsq_105.html
37. Valko, M., Morris, H., Cronin, M.T.D.
(2005).Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress.Curr.
Med. Chem. 12: 1161-1208. 38. Vaux, Bert and Scott, Golder, (2003).“ 105. What
is your generic term for a sweetened carbonated
beverage?”.
39. Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T. (1975).Toxicity of
non-radioactive heavy metals and their salts. In:
Heavy Metal Toxicity, Safety and Harmology, Ed.
F. Coulston. Academic Press, George Thieme,
Stuttgart, New York; 1975.
40. WHO.(2002). World Health Organization, Setting
maximum levels for certain contaminants in
foodstuffs.
41. WHO.(2006).World Health
Organization.Guidelines for drinking water
quality.Health criteria and other supporting
information. Vol.1:130. 2nd. Ed. Geneva.
42. Wilson, L. (2009). The danger of toxic
metals.www.drwilson.com. (Accessed July, 5th). 43. Zahir, E., Naqvi, I. I., and Uddin, S. M. (2009).
Market Basket Survey of Selected Metals in Fruits
from Karachi City (Pakistan). Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, 47-52, 2009.Vol.
5, No. 2, 47-52, 2009.
M.T., Ayoola, G.A.A. and Coker, H.A.B. (2012).
Analysis of selected metallic impurities in soft
drinks marketed in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal
of Biotechnology Vol. 11(20), pp. 4676-4680,
Available online at
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI:
10.5897/AJB11.3851
2. Al-Mayaly, I. K. A. (2013).Determination of Some
Heavy Metals in Some Artificial Fruit Juices in
Iraqi Local Markets.International Journal of
Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life
Sciences.Available online at http//www.ijrdpl.com.
Vol. 2, No.4, pp 507-510.
3. Ashraf, W., Jaffar, M., Masud, K. (2000).Heavy
trace metal and macronutrient levels in various soft
drinks and juices. Journal of the Chemical Society
of Pakistan, 22: 119–124. 4. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.(1996).
Official Method 984.27. Calcium, copper, ıron,
magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium and zinc in infant formula. Inductively
coupled plasma. Emission Spectroscopic Method,
first action 1984, final action 1986. AOAC
International.
5. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
(2003): Official Method 999.10. Lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper and Iron in foods, atomic absorption
spectrophotometry after microwave digestion, first
action 1999. NMKL-AOAC method.
6. Bakare-Odunola, M.T. (2005). Determination of
some metallic Impurities present in soft drinks
marketed in Nigeria’, Nig J Pharmaceut. Res. 4:
51-54. 7. Barbaste, M., Medına, B. and Perez-Trujıllo, J.P.
(2003).Analysis of Arsenic, lead and Cadmium in
wines from the Canary Islands, Spain, by ICP/MS.
Food Additives and Contaminant, 20: 141–148.
8. Bayhan, A. and Yentur, G.
(1989).Ankara’daicilenceşmevekaynaksularındakur
şunvekadmiyummiktarlarınınsaptanması.Gıda, 14:
175–177. (in Turkish).
9. Bingöl, M., Yentür, G., Buket, E.R., Bayhan, A.
and Oktem, A. B. (2010).Determination of Some
Heavy Metal Levels in Soft Drinks from Turkey
Using ICP-OES Method. Czech J. Food Sci. Vol.
28, No. 3: 213–216.
10. Cabrera, C., Lorenzo, M.L., Lopaz, M.C. (1995).
Lead and Cadmium contamination in dairy product
and its repercussion on total dietary intake.Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1605-1609.
11. Eyong, E.U, Eteng, M.U., Eyong, U.O. (2010).
Comparative chemical analysis of some brand of
soft drinks consumed in Southern Nigeria. Nig. J.
Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25: 36-39. 12. FAO/UN.Requirements of Vitamin A, iron, folate,
and Vatamin B12. (1998). Report of a Joint
WHO/FAO Expert consultation. Rome, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO Food and Nutrition series;23.
13. Grembecka, M., &Szefer, P. (2011). Metals and
metalloids in foods: essentiality, toxicity,
applicability. In: D.A.Medina& A. M. Laine
(Eds.), Food quality: control, analysis and
consumer concerns (pp. 1–60). Hauppauge: Nova
Science Publishers.
14. The Harvard Dialect Survey.Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Linguistics Department.
http://dialect.redlog.net/Retrieved 30-06-16.
‘’Funny Irish Words and Phrases.’’
Grammar.yourdictionary.com 15. Jorhem, L. (1993): Determination of metals in
foodstuffs by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
after dry ashing: NMKL interlaboratory study of
lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and
nickel. Journal of AOAC International, 76: 798–13.
16. Kasprzak, K. S, Sunderman, F. W. Jr, Salnikow, K.
(2003). Nickel carcinogenesis.Mutat. Res. 533: 67-
97.
17. Kirk, R.S. (1991) Pearson’s composition and
analysis of foods, 9th Edition.Longman Singapore.
18. Krejpcıo, Z., Sıonkowskı, S. and Bartela, J. (2005).
Safety of fresh fruits and juices available on the
Polish market as determined by heavy metal residues. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,
14: 877–81.
19. Křižek, M., Senft, M. and Motan, J. (1997).Měď a
lidsketělo.Časopislekařůčeskych, 136: 698–701.
20. Maduabuchı, J.M.U., Nzegwu, C.N. Adıgba, E.O.,
Aloke, R.U., Ezomıke, C.N., Okocha, C.E., Obı, E.
and Orısakwe, O.E. (2006). Lead and Cadmium
exposures from canned and non-canned beverages
in Nigeria: A public health concern. Science of
Total Environment, 366: 621–626.
21. Ma, J.,and Betts, N. M. (2000). Zinc and Copper
intakes and their major food sources for older
adults in the 1994-96 continuing survey of food
intakes by individuals (CSF- II).Journal of
Nutrition. 130:2838-2843.
22. MAFF (1998).Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food.Metals and other elements in
beverages.Food Surveillance Information Sheet.
23. Mandal, B.K. and Suzukı, K.T. (2002). Arsenic
around the world: A review. Talanta, 58: 201–235. 24. Nabrzyski, M. (2007).Functional role of some
minerals in foods.In P. Szefer& J. O. Nriagu (Eds.),
Mineral components in foods (pp. 363–388).
London: CRC Press.
25. Ofori, H., Owusu, M. and andAnyebuno, G.
(2013). Heavy Metal Analysis of Fruit Juice and
Soft Drinks Bought From Retail Market in Accra,
Ghana. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports
2(1): pp 423-428.
26. Öktem, B.A., Koçer, A. and Er, B. (2004).Research
of Heavy Metals in Some Fish Species of the
Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, In:
UlusalVeterinerGıdaHijyeniKongresi, Ankara,
Türkiye. (in Turkish) 59 (3), 217-221.
27. Olivares, M. and Uauy, R. (1996).Limits of
metabolic tolerance to copper and biological basis
for present recommendation and regulation. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr. 63: 846S.
28. Onıanwa, P.C., Adetola, I.G., Iwegbue, C.M.A.,
Ojo, M.F. and Tella, O.O. (1999). Trace heavy
metals composition of some Nigerian beverages
and food drinks. Food Chemistry, 66: 275–279. 29. Onıonwa, P.C., Adeyemo, A.O., Idowu, O.E. and
Ogabıela, E.E. (2001).Copper and zinc contents of
Nigerian foods and estimates of the adult dietary
intakes. Food Chemistry, 72: 89–95.
30. Rubıo, C., Hardısson, A., Reguera, J.I., Revert, C.,
Lafuente, M.A. and Gonzalez-Iglesıas, T. (2006).
Cadmium dietary intake in the Canary Islands,
Spain. Environmental Research, 100: 123–129. 31. Senesse, P., Meance, S., Cottet, V., Faivre, J.,
Boutron-Ruault, M.C. (2004).High dietary iron and
copper and risk of colorectal cancer: a case-control
study in Burgundy, France. Nutr Cancer.49:66-71.
32. Silvestre, M.D, Lagarda MJ, Farre R, Martineze-
Costa C, Brines J. (2000). Copper, Iron, and Zinc
determination in human milk using FAAS with
microwave digestion.Food Chemistry.68:95-99.
33. Soft Drinks.The Free
Encyclopedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_dri
nk
34. Soft drinks."Funny Irish Words and Phrases".
Grammar.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-06-
16.
35. http://inter.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jht
m
36. http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
mapsq_105.html
37. Valko, M., Morris, H., Cronin, M.T.D.
(2005).Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress.Curr.
Med. Chem. 12: 1161-1208. 38. Vaux, Bert and Scott, Golder, (2003).“ 105. What
is your generic term for a sweetened carbonated
beverage?”.
39. Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T. (1975).Toxicity of
non-radioactive heavy metals and their salts. In:
Heavy Metal Toxicity, Safety and Harmology, Ed.
F. Coulston. Academic Press, George Thieme,
Stuttgart, New York; 1975.
40. WHO.(2002). World Health Organization, Setting
maximum levels for certain contaminants in
foodstuffs.
41. WHO.(2006).World Health
Organization.Guidelines for drinking water
quality.Health criteria and other supporting
information. Vol.1:130. 2nd. Ed. Geneva.
42. Wilson, L. (2009). The danger of toxic
metals.www.drwilson.com. (Accessed July, 5th). 43. Zahir, E., Naqvi, I. I., and Uddin, S. M. (2009).
Market Basket Survey of Selected Metals in Fruits
from Karachi City (Pakistan). Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, 47-52, 2009.Vol.
5, No. 2, 47-52, 2009.
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